![]() ![]() Nonetheless, independent hip-hop expresses the oppositional consciousness While it consistently expresses grievances related to both raceĪnd sexual politics are contradictory (Oware 2014 I contend that indie hip-hop remains a complex contemporary subculture In particular, I explore and analyze the historical trajectory of indie hip-hop in the post-goldenĪnd how it has affected the culture today. My book addresses an age-old question: to what extent and how independent hip-hop challenges or reproduces mainstream hip-hop cultureĪnd US culture more generally. ( 2005) write: “instead, rock the mixtape and Walkman discrete, with the headphones threaded from the pocket through the sleeve, you received education through the music you heard.” They demonstrate the resurgence of an indie culture that emphasizes messages of resistance to dominationĪnd oppression. Songs such as “Commencement Day” by Blue Scholars Independent hip-hop has seen a revival in response to the mass corporatization of its culture in the 1990s (Watkins 2005
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